Xazulula ukungabaza kweminyaka: i-nori ne-zicai, ubudlelwano babo bungakanani ngempela?

Ungasheshisi ukusola abakhiqizi ngokuba yizigebengu. Eqinisweni, emkhakheni wesiShayina wanamuhla, nakuba i-nori nemifino yolwandle kungafani, singasho ukuthi i-nori ingenye yezinhlobo zemifino yolwandle. I-nori eluhlaza okumnyama, encane futhi enokhilimu ethengiswa emakethe yaseShayina, ingeyona i-Pyropia yezoensis elungisiwe.

Kodwa-ke, “imifino yolwandle” ayiyona nje into eyodwa, kodwa yigama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu emndenini we-Compsopogonaceae emndenini we-Rhodophyta, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi i-nori esiyithenga eShayina ingenye yezinhlobo zemifino yolwandle, kodwa akuwona wonke ama-seaweed alungiswa abe yi-nori. Ngaphandle kwe-Pyropia yezoensis, iShayina ikakhulukazi ilima i-Pyropia haitanensis, eyisibonelo saseShayina. Igama lesibonelo esithi “haitanensis” livela esiqhingini saseHaitan ePingtan County, esifundazweni saseFujian. Ezigabeni zakudala, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemifino yolwandle zazihlukaniswa njengezomndeni we-Porphyra, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi bazifake emndenini omusha we-Pyropia ngokusekelwe ebufakazini be-molecular, futhi amagama azo esayensi ashintshiwe.

Imifino yolwandle iphila ezindaweni ezisondele olwandle ezithintekayo futhi isakazeke kabanzi emgqeni ogwini olude lwaseShayina. Manje, imifino yolwandle enyakatho ikakhulukazi i-Pyropia yezoensis, kanti i-Pyropia haitanensis ilinyelwa kakhulu eningizimu. Abantu ababedinga ukudla babona leli alga elimnandi elitholakala kalula kusenesikhathi. Umqulu 10 we-“Qi Min Yao Shu” ucaphuna irekhodi elivela ku-“Wu Jun Yuan Hai Ji” elithi “Izintaba ezizungeze ugu lolwandle lwaseWudu zonke zikhiqiza imifino yolwandle,” futhi kukhulunywa ngezindlela zokupheka zokugazinga imifino yolwandle nokwenza isobho lemifino yolwandle.

Njengoba kunemifino yolwandle engaphezu kweyodwa, ingabe kungenzeka ukuthi sihlukane nabo etafuleni? Kukhona indlela eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa, njengoba sishilo – i-Pyropia yezoensis ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-nori, futhi ngokuvamile iyimiphanda eyisikwele, eyomile, eyenziwe yaba yimiphanda eyisikwele; izindlela zokudla ze-Pyropia haitanensis zihambisana kakhulu nezendabuko, ngokuvamile zomiswa futhi zilungiswe zibe yizindilinga ezinkulu bese zintanta esobho lemifino yolwandle.

Imifino yolwandle ibonakala ngemibala ebomvu emnyama noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho isencane, ngenxa ye-phycoerythrin ezicutshini zayo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-phycoerythrin iyancipha ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwemifino yolwandle entsha kakhulu ezoba bomvu obumnyama noma obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imifino yolwandle ejwayelekile, ngemva kokulungiswa, ukugcinwa, nokuthuthwa, kuhlala kuphela i-chlorophyll eluhlaza, okwenza ibe luhlaza. Futhi uma ifudunyezwa kakhulu noma igcinwa isikhathi eside kakhulu, okubangela ukuthi i-chlorophyll nayo yeqe, imifino yolwandle izoba nsundu okumnyama. Ngakho-ke singasebenzisa umbala wemifino yolwandle ukuhlola cishe ubusha bayo.

E-China, i-nori ngokuvamile ivela emadwaleni aseceleni kolwandle phakathi nobusika nasekwindla unyaka nonyaka, futhi ingaqoqwa kusukela ebusika kuze kube sekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, kodwa ehlobo, lapho i-nori ibingekho kwaziwa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elishumi nesishiyagalolunye, kwatholwa ama-spores ka-nori kanye ne-filamentous form yawo ngemuva kokuhluma, kodwa kwakungekho mpendulo yokuthi ingakhula kanjani kusuka ku-filamentous form ibe yi-nori. Ngo-1892, u-Bates wenza igama le-red alga yasolwandle enezintambo - i-Conchocelis, kwaze kwaba ngu-1949, lapho isazi sezimila zasolwandle u-Drew saqinisekisa ukuthi i-Conchocelis iyiyona i-filamentous form ye-nori. Ngemuva kwalokho, abacwaningi baseJapane u-Sou-hisa Kurogi kanye nabacwaningi baseShayina u-Zeng Chengkui bashicilela izindatshana ngo-1953 no-1954 ngokulandelana, bekhombisa umjikelezo wokuphila we-nori.

Kumjikelezo wokuphila we-nori, kukhona ukushintshana kwezizukulwane ze-haploid gametophyte kanye ne-diploid sporophyte, okubizwa ngokuthi ukushintshana kwezizukulwane. Ukushintshana kwezizukulwane kwe-nori kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kuhluka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngokufingqiwe, ingxenye ye-nori edliwayo yisizukulwane sayo se-gametophyte - i-thallus. I-thallus ikhiqiza amangqamuzana ombungu wesilisa nowesifazane. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa, kwakha ama-carpospores. Indawo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-carpospores emvelweni yindawo ekhethekile - emagobolondweni ezilwane ezifuywayo. Lapho i-carpospore ithinta igobolondo, ingena ngaphakathi igobolondo futhi ikhule ibe yi-filamentous form (Conchocelis). Inqubo echazwe ngenhla iqala ebusika futhi iqhubeke kuze kube sekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ivolumu ye-thallus inkulu, futhi kulula ukuthi abantu bayiqoqe.

Lapho kufika ihlobo, i-thallus ye-nori isiqedile umsebenzi wayo. I-filamentous form ehlala emagobolondweni ikhipha ama-aplanospores. Lapho ama-aplanospores enamathela emadwaleni, ayahluma, bese ekhula ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kwe-meiosis ukuze abe yi-thallus ebonakala ngamehlo. Ngomqondo othile, i-nori esiyidlayo empeleni iyisamba samangqamuzana ayo ombungu angokocansi. Ngakho-ke, i-nori ephilayo ayivamisile ukubonakala ehlobo ngoba nje i-thallus yayo ayikakhuli. Enye yezinto ezinkulu ezihlukanisa i-Porphyra ye-tenera ne-Porphyra ye-yezoensis ukuthi amangqamuzana akha i-thallus. I-thallus ye-Porphyra ye-tenera inamangqamuzana ombungu wesilisa nowesifazane, kanti i-thallus ye-Porphyra ye-yezoensis ngokuvamile ingakhipha uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwamangqamuzana ombungu, kungaba owesilisa noma owesifazane.

Kodwa uma singawela ulwandle siye ezweni elingumakhelwane laseJapan, ubudlelwano phakathi kwemikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka nolwandle oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka luzoshintsha kakhulu. Ekudleni kwaseJapan, singabona izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka, ezinye zazo zibukeka zingafani nemikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka esiyibona ekhaya. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-Japan iyindawo lapho igama elithi "imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka" livela khona, futhi izinhlobo ezibhekiselwa kuzo yi-"imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka" zihluke kulokho okushiwo yisiShayina samanje. I-Porphyra, eyi-red algae, ingolunye nje lwezinhlobo, ngakho-ke kungashiwo ukuthi eJapane, i-Porphyra iyimikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka ayiyona i-Porphyra.

Igama elithi "imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka" (のり) laqala ukuvela emibhalweni yaseJapan kusukela ekuqaleni kweNdawo yaseNara, emuva ngo-8th century AD. Ku-"Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki", kwabhalwa ngezinhlamvu zesiShayina ukuthi "Abadala bathi: Inkosi Yamato ivakashele ogwini lolwandle, yafika e-Norihama. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona imikhiqizo eminingi yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka eyomisiwe ogwini, abantu abaningi babeyibiza nge-Nori, ngakho-ke yaba yi-Norihama Village." Lokhu kungahunyushwa ngokuthi iNkosi Yamato (uYamatotakeru) ivakashele isihlabathi esisogwini lwesifundazwe sase-Ibaraki samanje, yathola imikhiqizo eminingi yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka (のり) eyomisiwe ogwini, yabe isiqamba indawo ethi "Norihama Beach" (のりはま), eyabhalwa ngezinhlamvu zesiShayina njengo-Norihama (のりはま). Ngo-10th century AD, i-"Wamyō Ruijushō" kanye ne-"Utsuho Monogatari" kwavela amagama anemininingwane eyengeziwe njenge-"Amakusa Nori" (甘海苔) kanye ne-"Murasaki Nori" (紫海苔). Kukhona futhi ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe ezindleleni zokucubungula, njengemikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka eluhlaza (生海苔) kanye nemikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka eyisicaba (板海苔). Lokho esikubiza ngokuthi "imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka" e-China ngokuvamile imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka eyisicaba eyenziwe ngokomisa i-Porphyra ukuze ibe njengephepha.

Ububanzi begama elithi "imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka" (海苔) esiJapane bubanzi kune-"imikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka" (海苔) esiShayina. Akubandakanyi kuphela izinhlobo ezimbili ezivela emndenini we-red algae, kodwa futhi kuhlanganisa ne-green algae ezifana ne-Ulva, i-Enteromorpha, ne-Prasiola japonica, kanye ne-cyanobacteria i-Aphanothece sacrum. Phakathi kwazo, i-Porphyra, i-Ulva, ne-Enteromorpha manje isikhiqizwa ngobuningi ngokutshalwa kwezohwebo.

Ubunye bemikhiqizo yolwandle okwesibhakabhaka yaseJapane buvame ukubonakala kumidlalwane yezithombe zokudla. Ebhukwini lesibili, isahluko sango-25 senoveli yezithombe ethi "Shinya Shokudō" (深夜食堂), i-"Aonori yaseShimanto River" (四万十川の青海苔) eyisimilo sobuhlobo buka-baba nendodakazi, empeleni i-Enteromorpha eyenziwa emfuleni i-Shimanto e-Shikoku Island. Inegama lesiShayina elithi "Sujiaonori" (筋青海苔) futhi iyisithako esihle kakhulu kuma-yakisoba aseJapane kanye nama-takoyaki. Ngaphandle kokuxoxa indaba ethinta inhliziyo, umbhali uphinde wadlulisela umyalezo ngomlomo wezinhlamvu zekhathuni: "I-Aonori yaseShimanto River inokunambitheka okuhlukile." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-Aonori eyangempela kufanele yenziwe ngezinhlobo ze-Enteromorpha. Ngenxa yomkhawulo wokukhiqiza, imikhiqizo ye-Aonori yimikhiqizo ye-Ulva etshalwe ngokwenziwa eminyakeni yamuva nje. Emehlweni amaJapane anokunambitheka okubucayi, i-Ulva-based Aonori ayimnandi njenge-Shimanto River's authentic Enteromorpha-based Aonori.